Winner: 2021 Organic Division Horizon Prize: Bioorganic Chemistry Award
Pericyclases
For the discovery of a new class of enzymes, the pericyclases, that catalyse reactions in biosynthesis of complex natural products, and for identifying their mechanisms.
A collaboration between the Tang, Houk and Garg labs at the University of California, Los Angeles, led by a team of postdoctoral scholars and graduate students, discovered and characterized a family of natural enzymes called the pericyclases.
Enzymes are proteins found naturally in cells, facilitating and speeding up chemical reactions within the cell. Pericyclases catalyse a special class of organic reactions called pericyclic reactions 鈥� where the reactants form a cyclical structure before forming products. These reactions are commonplace in laboratory synthesis of small molecules (i.e. commodity chemicals or pharmaceuticals) and are often considered 鈥榓biological鈥� or 鈥榠nvented鈥� by synthetic chemists.
The team鈥檚 discovery means that we now know that nature uses this chemistry, revealing an entire 鈥渢oolbox鈥� of enzymes that catalyse reactions previously not known. This fundamentally shifts our knowledge on how nature constructs complex molecules that are essential for life, opening up new opportunities in chemical synthesis.
Using an interdisciplinary approach combining genetics, biochemistry, structural biology and computational science, the team have studied these pericyclases to understand how the enzymes evolved and the mechanisms behind the catalysis.
This fundamental understanding means the team can modify the enzymes to alter and therefore control what reaction is catalysed. This increases the potential of these enzymes in synthetic chemistry even further, and provides proof-of-concept that enzymes can be artificially modified in the lab for new applications.
By combining enzyme discovery, mutational studies, X-ray crystallography, quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics, and synthetic chemistry, the 18 members of our team, located in the US, China, Japan, and Spain, have revealed previously unknown secrets of nature.
Professors Yi Tang and Ken Houk
Sarah Anthony, Graduate Student, UCLA
Joyann Barber, Graduate Student, UCLA
Yujuan Cai, Graduate Student, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
Shugeng Cao, Collaborator, University of Hawaii, Hilo
Jason Chari, Graduate Student, UCLA
Mengbin Chen, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Marc Garcia-Borras, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Neil Garg, Co-Principal Investigator, UCLA
Yang Hai, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Kendall Houk, Co-Principal Investigator, UCLA
Cooper Jamieson, Graduate Student, UCLA
Thomas Kakule, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Daiki Kanayama, Undergraduate Student, UCLA
Fang Liu, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Masao Ohashi, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Elias Picazo, Graduate Student, UCLA
Michio Sato, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Dan Tan, Visiting Scientist, UCLA
Yi Tang, Principal Investigator, UCLA
Man-cheng Tang, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
Kenji Watanabe, Collaborator, University of Shizuoka
Zhongyue Yang, Graduate Student, UCLA
Jiahai Zhou, Collaborator, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
Q&A with Pericyclases team
Yi Tang, Principal Investigator, UCLA
What does good research culture mean to you?
Freedom to explore. With this project in particular, we had no idea that such enzymes were even there so you can鈥檛 be afraid to try different things. We found a class of enzyme that is hidden and was overlooked in previous publications relating to this molecule. Testing conventional wisdom is important in scientific research.
Good scientific culture is also grant funding agencies, especially government research agencies, being willing to support such fundamental research, as the application of these enzymes is fairly far away. The willingness and support of the National Institute of Health is key to enabling our work.
What advice would you give to a young person considering a career in chemistry?
My advice is to appreciate that chemistry has a glorious history and there鈥檚 been so much discovery, especially since the early 1900s. You should appreciate and respect the science, learn from the giants and ask questions. Just when you think you鈥檝e done well on a chemistry test, it doesn鈥檛 mean you know anything about chemistry, so continue to absorb like a sponge because there is so much to learn.
Masao Ohashi, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA
What advice would you give to a young person considering a career in chemistry?
Don鈥檛 be afraid of challenging things 鈥� even if other people think that it is stupid. If you believe something is important, just don鈥檛 be afraid to challenge, as this is needed for breakthroughs and discovering new things.
Cooper Jamieson, Graduate Student, UCLA
What does good research culture mean to you?
For me, a good work environment means being able to chat casually with colleagues and mentors. With this project, working with Masao and Professors Tang and Houk, I remember going to Masao鈥檚 office on my second day and we鈥檇 chat about this project for hours 鈥� discussing science and also other things. That was a wonderful way to get started and get ideas flowing about where we want to go next. It鈥檚 a fun and accessible way to work at UCLA and I鈥檓 really grateful for that.
What advice would you give to a young person considering a career in chemistry?
I didn鈥檛 come to chemistry from a very 鈥榯raditional鈥� path, I came to chemistry through art because I wanted to ask questions and figure out the answer to those questions. I think anyone who is asking questions will do well in chemistry, so I would just tell people to keep asking questions.
Kendall Houk, Co-Principal Investigator, UCLA
What's the importance of collaboration in the chemical sciences?
The role of collaboration is essential. I鈥檓 one of the world鈥檚 most prolific publishers 鈥� we had 60 papers published last year 鈥� and all but a few of these are collaborative. We work with people all over the world, exchanging scientific information to make the kind of discoveries that can only be made by collaboration. For example, I can鈥檛 do an x-ray crystal structure 鈥� but that鈥檚 what Professor Zhou did. I can鈥檛 isolate an enzyme 鈥� that鈥檚 Professor Tang. I can鈥檛 synthesise molecules 鈥� that鈥檚 Professor Garg. Any one of us could do research by ourselves, but the impact is far more limited compared to the amazing, more global discoveries that can be made by this type of collaboration.
Why is chemistry important?
Chemistry is everywhere and everything we do is controlled by chemistry. Our life is based on chemical reactions functioning properly through enzymatic reactions. All of our building materials and food is chemistry. If we want to solve problems like the climate crisis, we have to use knowledge of chemistry to figure out green fuels and ways to remove pollutants. Anything that you really imagine you鈥檇 like to have in the future is chemistry, so fundamental discoveries in chemistry are going to drive our society in the future and sustain life as we know it.
What advice would you give to a young person considering a career in chemistry?
I give advice to students that they鈥檙e going to work on things that haven鈥檛 even been discovered yet. For example, when I was a PhD, there weren鈥檛 any real computers, but now we have computers that are a billion times faster and that鈥檚 all I do. When I started as a graduate student, there was no field of pericyclase reactions. Now, this team is the number one team in the world for understanding these reactions so I鈥檓 working on and excelling in something that didn鈥檛 even exist when I was a student. I think that鈥檚 going to be true of everybody.